The Fury
Reference: | S44221 |
Author | Lucantonio degli Uberti |
Year: | 1540 ca. |
Measures: | 225 x 310 mm |
Reference: | S44221 |
Author | Lucantonio degli Uberti |
Year: | 1540 ca. |
Measures: | 225 x 310 mm |
Description
UNDESCRIBED WORK
Woodcut, circa 1524/45, monogrammed at lower left. Derivation, in counterpart, from Michelangelo's Fury (also known as the Damned Soul), a black pencil drawing now preserved in Florence [Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi, inv. 601E].
The work is not surveyed in any of the repertories on printed derivations from Michelangelo and in general seems to be unknown to the vast engraving literature.
The drawing The Fury of Michelangelo was made around 1520/24 and given by the artist to his friend Gherardo Perini: "In the 1550 edition of Le Vite, Vasari mentions the Florentine Gherardo Perini among the friends to whom Michelangelo had given some of his drawings, specified in 1568 “in tre carte alcune teste di matita nera divine” at the time already in the grand ducal collection of Francesco de' Medici, who “le tiene per gioie, come le sono” [holds them for joys, as they are (Vasari, ed. 1966-1987, VI, 1987, p. 113)]. The Medici inventory compiled between 1560 and 1567- Gherardo had died in 1564, the same year as Michelangelo - marks one after the other the so-called Zenobia, the Three Heads and “una dové un viso quasiche di furia” [the face of a fury, Archivio di Stato di Firenze, Guardaroba Medicea, 65, fol. 164a]. The three original sheets are now respectively recognized in 598E, 599E, 601E of the Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi" (cfr. Alessia Alberti, La Furia in “D’après Michelangelo”, p. 39).
The iconographic interpretation of Michelangelo's screaming face has always been complex and problematic. However, Vasari's indication, which places it in a series of divine heads or unspecified Dantean allegories, seems the most suitable. The later titling of Anima dannata (Damned Soul), is due to Carlo Cesare Malvasia (1678), who thus defines a printed derivation from the school of Agostino Carracci. The drawing of the Fury knows numerous derivations, including a red pencil attributed to Francesco Salviati (1510-1563), a black stone attributed to Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) and one to Alessandro Allori (1535-1607), five other anonymous drawings datable between the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries, and a painting attributed to Pier Francesco Foschi (1502-1567), now preserved at Casa Buonarroti in Florence. For a discussion of drawings, paintings and models, see the extensive file published in d'apres Michelangelo, a work cited in the bibliography.
Although undated, this unknown woodcut appears to be the earliest derivation in chronological order of the drawing, predating the Screaming Manly Head, an engraving printed in Rome by Antonio Salamanca (Florence, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi, inv. St. sc. 1328) that was hitherto thought to be such and to the HERACLITI EXCLAMATIO, an anonymous Flemish engraving of the second half of the 1500s (Florence, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi St. vol. 10165) known from its reprint edited by Paul de la Houve (1601) and probably first published by the printing house of Hieronymus Cook. The Fury was also used as a model for the head of a drawing by Rosso Fiorentino, as we see in the engraving Notomia secca or The Fury (ca. 1524) by Giacomo Caraglio; however, Caraglio's work does not faithfully translate the Michelangelo drawing.
The intaglio of this woodcut is attributable to the Florentine Lucantonio degli Uberti (active 1503-1557). In the lower left corner, in fact, there is a signature, expressed through a monogram consisting of an "L" and other (two?) intertwined letters. Although Lucantonio always signed differently, the letter "L" is well highlighted in his monograms. The woodcut, then, appears to be one of the block of a chiaroscuro woodcut, a technique in which there were very few interpreters at the time, and of which Lucantonio is best known for the Witches' Sabbath (1516), a derivation of a work by Hans Baldung Grien, which he signs with the monogram "La" placed within a palette hanging from a tree [London, British Museum, 1852,0612.105].
Through a decisive and rapid mark, the author is able to make us feel the pain, anger and power of emotions, the motions of the soul, grief and despair. The contrasts created intensify the wrinkled face, the tense facial muscles, the bulging neck veins, and the fixed eyes filled with rage. The pathos culminates with the gust of wind that stirs the hair that frames a scarred face and causes a flap of fabric behind her to rise up, creating a sort of halo. With a few signs he manages to convey all the drama expressed by Michelangelo in his drawing, of which he is the most faithful derivation.
The woodcut is printed on very thin paper - which has no watermark - with very narrow wire rod lines. The sheet has several "antique" restorations; it is applied to a contemporary paper mount and shows a double ink framing line (also most likely of the period) on the recto.
On the printed derivations of the Fury known so far, Alessia Alberti writes: “Il primo riflesso della fortuna di questa invenzione di Michelangelo nelle stampe si può rinvenire, in un'epoca assai prossima a quella della sua realizzazione, nel bulino di Giacomo Caraglio oggi conosciuto come Furia. L'opera, individuata nel repertorio di Carl Heinrich von Heinecken come La Chimere, riferendosi evidentemente all'animale che offre un seggio per l'uomo (Heinecken, 1778-1790, 1, 1778, p. 532), è stata intitolata da Adam Bartsch (B. XV, 1813, PP. 92-93, n. 58) La Fureur, mentre negli studi più recenti si è guardato ad essa come parodia del Laocoonte, nel quadro del dibattito in corso a quel tempo sull’antitesi tra notomia e antico. Le circostanze attraverso cui l'artefice della composizione, Rosso Fiorentino, avrebbe fornito a Giacomo Caraglio il modello per l'incisione, ci sono raccontate da Vasari: «Capitando in Roma il Rosso, gli persuase il Baviera che facesse stampare alcuna delle cose sue; onde egli fece intagliare a Gian Iacopo del Caraglio veronese, che allora aveva bonissima mano e cercava con ogni industria d'imitare Marcantonio, una sua figura di notomia secca, che ha una testa di morte in mano siede sopra un serpente, mentre un cigno canta; la quale carta uscì di maniera, che il medesimo fece poi intagliare in carte di ragionevole grandezza alcuna delle forze d'Ercole (Vasari, ed. 1966-1987, v, 1984, p. 16). Questo ha permesso di circoscriverne l'esecuzione verso la fine del 1524, prima che il Rosso attendesse alle tavole per la serie sulle fatiche di Ercole, stilisticamente e tecnicamente più complesse. […] È un legame, quello della Furia del Rosso con il disegno di Michelangelo, evidenziato solo in tempi recenti (Hirst, 1988, p. 109; Mannerist Prints, 1988, p. 71, n. 17; Gilbert, 1992). Se è vero che restano sconosciute le dinamiche attraverso cui il Rosso può essere venuto così presto a conoscenza dell'originale fiorentino, donato da Michelangelo a Gherardo Perini, e soprattutto le ragioni di un uso tanto spregiudicato del volto, "montato" su una figura che intende con ogni evidenza citare il Laocoonte, dall'altra parte si può osservare che anche nei suoi lavori maggiori sono presenti citazioni delle "teste divine", come nel Matrimonio della Vergine in San Lorenzo del 1523.
Una più fedele traduzione grafica dell'idea di Michelangelo è offerta, qualche tempo dopo, dal bulino con la Testa virile urlante di Antonio Salamanca. L'incisione porta la sottoscrizione nella forma contratta «ANT.S.S.», sciolta da Francois Brulliot in avanti come «Antonio Salamanca Sculpsit» (Brulliot, 1832-1834, III, 1834, p. 17, n. 96). La sua esecuzione, potrebbe ragionevolmente situarsi tra gli anni Venti (dove però si registra nel 1527 un brusco azzeramento del mercato delle stampe) e il principio degli anni Quaranta (si è espresso a favore di una datazione vicina a quella dell'originale Paul Joannides in Michelangelo, 1996, p. 53, mentre in precedenza Paola Barocchi, Barocchi, 1962, 1, p. 237, e Anna Maria Forlani Tempesti, scheda in Raffaello e Michelangelo, 1984, p. 73, avevano indicato senza una precisa motivazione il 1562, coincidente con l'anno di morte di Salamanca).
Della responsabilità di Michelangelo quale inventor non fa cenno neppure la terza e ultima delle stampe derivate dalla Furia nel Cinquecento. Qui, come in Salamanca, il busto viene presentato come una scultura classica, ma nella sua interezza. Questo suggerisce diverse ipotesi: o dobbiamo semplicemente leggere questo rimando alla scultura come segno di un preciso potere evocativo che aveva quell'immagine presso l'uomo colto del Cinquecento, o a evocare il legame era la fama del suo autore, oppure essa certifica una fortuna plastica fino a qui altrimenti non documentata. L'opera, di tardo Cinquecento, è anonima e porta in un’edizione successiva alla prima (1601) l'indirizzo dell'editore Paul de la Houve (1575 ca.-1668). […] Questa interpretazione della Furia come ritratto del filosofo Eraclito, così secondo l'iscrizione posta sulla tabella: «HERACLITI EXCLAMATIO / Proh dolor, ah quantum in terris misera est hominum sors; / Quot nos æærumnæ, quot mala ubiq. grauant.»; si deve forse a Rudolph Weigel (Catalog, 1863) l'avere individuato per primo l'idea di Michelangelo dietro questa rappresentazione di Eraclito. Nonostante l'incisione individui l'effigie come un blocco scultoreo posato su un ripiano segnato dal tempo, si tratta della traduzione in stampa più fedele, sia per quanto riguarda l'energico e peculiare scatto all'indietro, sia per la luce proveniente dalla medesima fonte.
Un parziale riflesso dell'invenzione michelangiolesca è ravvisabile ancora, tra le stampe del Cinquecento, nel bulino con la Testa di Medusa già attribuito a Cornelis Cort, ora rigettato, databile all’ultimo quarto del Cinquecento.
Sempre ispirato alla Furia di Michelangelo è uno sgraziato bulino anonimo, di tardo Cinquecento, parte di una serie di maschere già assegnate ad Agostino Carracci e ora espunte dal suo catalogo delle incisioni (De Grazia, 1979, pp. 388- 389, n. R.19), probabilmente da mettere in relazione con un disegno di Agostino dal quale, dopo la sua morte (1602), è stato cavato il volto di un uomo che grida e piange con i capelli scompigliati (B. XVIII, 1818, p. 162, n. 27) per far parte della Scuola perfetta per imparare a disegnare tutto il corpo humano”. (cfr. Alessia Alberti, La Furia in “D’après Michelangelo”, pp. 39-59).
In 1810 the Italian architect, decorator, and engraver Agostino Gerli printed a three-wood blocks chiaroscuro of the Fury. Gerli himself claims to have inferred it from a painting, so the model must not have been the original drawing: "To the sculptural and antiquarian interpretation of Michelangelo's Furia, also leads back the 1810 engraving by Agostino Gerli, entitled Il dolore e la disperazione (The Sorrow and Despair), which is of interest to us here because of its recipient, Giberto Borromeo, perpetual conservator of the Ambrosiana, and because of Agostino's own indications that declare it derived from a drawing "cavato d'una pittura del celebre Michelangelo Bonaroti." The reduction of the opening of the mouth and the general regularization of the features, including the gaze, lead toward the engraving tradition inaugurated by Salamanca and, assuming an intermediate drawing, to the painted version attributed to Foschi, now at Casa Buonarroti. Agostino Gerli's words highlight an approximate knowledge of Michelangelo's prototype, but they document the fortune that this model experienced in academic and collector circles" (cf. Alessia Alberti, La Furia in "D'après Michelangelo," p. 44).
A specimen of Gerli's chiaroscuro is preserved in Milan at the State Archives (cart 91.2). Through the discovery of this woodcut by Lucantonio degli Uberti, it becomes clear that Gerli had a specimen of the work in front of him, from which he faithfully copies the lines for his work; he probably possessed the chiaroscuro. A careful comparison of our woodcut with Gerli's work rules out the possibility that the latter is printed using the original wood; among other things, the monogram in the lower left-hand corner does not appear. Nevertheless, the skill with which, a modest engraver like Agostino Gerli, was able to make the wood carvings of such a complex and difficult printing technique is striking. The bibliography reminds us that one of Antonio's brothers as well as an assiduous collaborator, Carlo Giuseppe, "distinguished himself by publishing a series of engravings from Leonardo's drawings consisting of copies of figures, caricatures, machines, etc." (Disegni di Leonardo da Vinci, Giuseppe Galeazzi, Milan 1784).
On the basis of Alessia Alberti's argument for Gerli's chiaroscuro, therefore, it can be argued that this woodcut by Lucantonio degli Uberti inaugurates the engraving tradition of derivations of Michelangelo's Fury and, assuming an intermediate drawing derives from the painted version attributed to Pier Francesco Foschi, now in Casa Buonarroti.
Lucantonio degli Uberti, also known as Lucantonio Fiorentino, is an engraver, publisher and printer who is known to have worked around the first half of the 16th century; the limits of his activity cannot be established exactly. We know for certain that Lucantonio was an itinerant artist, who worked in Verona, Venice, Florence, and probably also in Milan and Esztergom, Hungary. In Venice he was active, first and foremost, in the field of book illustration and kept his workshop in San Moisè: his woodcuts, which according to Essling present the monogram in as many as seventeen variants, adorn many volumes printed at major Venetian publishers. He was also the author of a substantial core of loose sheets. His graphic production is significant first of all for the versatility of the techniques used: the burin, woodcut, and chiaroscuro. The woodcut work, in particular, has never been studied systematically. The prints reflect an eclectic taste that draws on multiple sources, Florentine, Venetian, and Nordic. Cristofano Robetta, Filippino Lippi, Albrecht Dürer, Marcantonio Raimondi, Hans Baldung Grien, and Titian are some of the main stylistic and iconographic references.
Lucantonio's woodcuts do not have a uniform style but reflect that of the artist they translate; the Combattimento tra uomini nudi (ca. 1500) translates the style of the author, Antonio Pollaiolo; the aforementioned Sabbba delle streghe (1516) that of Hans Baldung Grien's Nordic style; and the Trionfo di Cristo (ca. 1517) that of Tiziano Vecellio's Venetian style. This woodcut of the Fury can be dated between 1524 and 1545, the year to which is dated Lucantonio's The Conversion of St. Paul, a woodcut derived from Titian, the last work chronologically assigned to the artist.
Bibliografia
A. Alberti, A. Rovetta. C. Salsi, D’apres Michelangelo, Marsilio 2015; B. Barnes, Michelangelo in Print. Reproductions as Response in the Sixteenth Century, Farnham 2010; E. Borea, Stampe da modelli fiorentini nel Cinquecento, in “Il primato del disegno”, catalogo della mostra, Firenze 1980; F. Brulliot, Dictionnaire des monogrammes, marques figurées, lettres initiales, noms abregés, etc., 3 voll., Munich 1832-1834; D. De Grazia, Le stampe dei Carracci, Bologna 1984; Dillon, Michelangelo’ and the English Martyrs, Farnham 2012; Fortuna di Michelangelo nell’incisione, catalogo della mostra (Benevento, Museo del Sannio, 3 ottobre-3 dicembre 1964), a cura di M. Rotili, Benevento 1964; C.H. Heinecken, Dictionnaire des artistes, don’t nous avons de estampes, Leipzig 1778-1790; M. Hirst, J. Dunkerton, Michelangelo giovane pittore e scultore a Roma, 1496-1501, Modena 1997; C. Jenkins, Michelangelo at Fontainebleau, in «Print Quarterly», XXVIII, 3, 2011, pp. 261-265; Mannerist Prints. International Style in the Sixteenth Century, catalogo della mostra (Los Angeles County Museum of Art), a cura di B. Davis, Los Angeles 1988; Michelangelo. The Drawings of a Genius, catalogo della mostra (Vienna, Albertina, 8 ottobre 2010-9 gennaio 2011), a cura di A. Gnann, 2010; V. Pagani, Documents on Antonio Salamanca, in «Print Quarterly», XVII, 2, 2000, pp. 148-155; G. Vasari, La Vita di Michelangelo nelle redazioni del 1550 e del 1568, a cura e commento di P. Barocchi, 1962.
Lucantonio degli Uberti (notizie 1503-1557)
Lucantonio degli Uberti, also known as Lucantonio Fiorentino, is an engraver, publisher and printer who is known to have worked around the first half of the 16th century; the limits of his activity cannot be established exactly. We know for certain that Lucantonio was an itinerant artist, who worked in Verona, Venice, Florence, and probably also in Milan and Esztergom, Hungary. In Venice he was active, first and foremost, in the field of book illustration and kept his workshop in San Moisè: his woodcuts, which according to Essling present the monogram in as many as seventeen variants, adorn many volumes printed at major Venetian publishers. He was also the author of a substantial core of loose sheets. His graphic production is significant first of all for the versatility of the techniques used: the burin, woodcut, and chiaroscuro. The woodcut work, in particular, has never been studied systematically. The prints reflect an eclectic taste that draws on multiple sources, Florentine, Venetian, and Nordic. Cristofano Robetta, Filippino Lippi, Albrecht Dürer, Marcantonio Raimondi, Hans Baldung Grien, and Titian are some of the main stylistic and iconographic references.
|
Lucantonio degli Uberti (notizie 1503-1557)
Lucantonio degli Uberti, also known as Lucantonio Fiorentino, is an engraver, publisher and printer who is known to have worked around the first half of the 16th century; the limits of his activity cannot be established exactly. We know for certain that Lucantonio was an itinerant artist, who worked in Verona, Venice, Florence, and probably also in Milan and Esztergom, Hungary. In Venice he was active, first and foremost, in the field of book illustration and kept his workshop in San Moisè: his woodcuts, which according to Essling present the monogram in as many as seventeen variants, adorn many volumes printed at major Venetian publishers. He was also the author of a substantial core of loose sheets. His graphic production is significant first of all for the versatility of the techniques used: the burin, woodcut, and chiaroscuro. The woodcut work, in particular, has never been studied systematically. The prints reflect an eclectic taste that draws on multiple sources, Florentine, Venetian, and Nordic. Cristofano Robetta, Filippino Lippi, Albrecht Dürer, Marcantonio Raimondi, Hans Baldung Grien, and Titian are some of the main stylistic and iconographic references.
|