Fori Iulii, Vulgo Friuli Typus

Reference: S42885
Author Abraham ORTELIUS
Year: 1570 ca.
Zone: Friuli
Printed: Antwerpen
Measures: 245 x 190 mm
€250.00

Reference: S42885
Author Abraham ORTELIUS
Year: 1570 ca.
Zone: Friuli
Printed: Antwerpen
Measures: 245 x 190 mm
€250.00

Description

Map taken from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, French edition. Originally the map of Friuli appears in a sheet with Lake Como-derived from that of Paolo Giovio-and with the map of Latium.

Cartographically it is a derivation of Giovanni Andrea Vavassore's map, which is the oldest printed map of the area. It is not certain, as some of the literature asserts, that it is directly derived from the manuscript made by the Udine painter Giovanni Antonio Cortona, which can be dated to before 1554. Guadagnino's work, in fact, is more accurate in its depiction of the mountain relief, as well as evident thoroughness in the dense reproduction of the basins of the three major rivers, the Isonzo, Tagliamento, and Livenza. The major differences with the Cortona model concern toponymy; in fact, Vavassore reports only the major settlements, castles, abbeys, shrines and strategic points of clear military and economic importance.

Map taken from the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, which is considered the first true modern "Atlas". The work was published in 7 languages and 36 editions, for which - in 1570 - Ortelius obtained the privilege, a kind of copyright that prevented other cartographers from publishing his works. The Theatrum represented the most advanced work of cartographic description. Ortelius collected in it the geographical and cartographic knowledge of his time, proposing in 147 spectacular engraved plates the most faithful image of the world then known and, in some extraordinary "historical maps", regions and routes taken from literature, mythology, tradition. Ortelius was also the first to cite sources, mentioning the names of cartographers in the "catalogus auctorum". From 1598 to 1612 the posthumous editions of the Theatrum were made by his collaborator Johannes Baptiste Vrients.

“Questa piccola carta del Friuli è inserita nella prima edizione del noto Thea/trum / Orbis/Terrarum di Abraham Oertel (Abrahamus Ortelius, da cui la comune denominazione italiana di Ortelio), apparsa ad Anversa nel 1570, nella quale costituisce la metà inferiore della facciata destra della tavola 35. Qui riproduciamo l'esemplare che abbiamo tratto dall'edizione del 1575, che si conserva presso la Biblioteca Generale dell'Università di Trieste (A.N. 2), оссupando la stessa posizione, però nell'ambito della tavola 46. Le due rappresentazioni sono identiche. Si tratta di una stampa da incisione in rame, delimitata da un rigo nero ed arricchita da una fascia ornata: essa misura mm 178x277. Nel cartiglio è riportato il titolo "FORI IV LII, VVL=/GO FRIV=/LI TYPVS.". Immediatamente sotto, nell'angolo a sinistra, c'è la dichiarazione del privilegio. L'orientazione non è indicata, ma è quella consueta. La scala, che è segnata in basso al centro, sopra il rigo marginale, è divisa in sette parti (= mm 64).

Anche questa è una rappresentazione molto nota e molto citata, ma il solo ad averla accuratamente esaminata e studiata è stato il Cucagna.

Abbiamo già ricordato come questa carta appartenga al filone che, per comodità, potremmo chiamare vavassoriano, ma che, tuttavia, vada ricondotta ad un modello più antico, che ci rimane ignoto. Ne dà chiara prova il suo stesso contenuto, perché se lo scheletro è uguale alla rappresentazione del La vera descritione Del Friuli di Giovanni Andrea Vavassori, non è difficile cogliere, rispetto ad essa delle notevoli divergenze nella nomenclatura e qualche novità nelle legende. "Queste divergenze - dice il Cucagna - sono di per sé già significative perché o si spiegano attribuendo all'Ortelio una discreta conoscenza della regione rappresentata e la capacità di cambiare la grafia di qualche toponimo, senza incorrere in errori; oppure possono già far sospettare che l'Ortelio non abbia avuto sott'occhio proprio la stampa del Vavassori". La documentazione più importante in questo senso deriva dall'esame delle numerose legende nuove, da quelle, cioè, che non sono semplice traduzione latina di quelle vavassoriane. Ne citiamo qualcuna: Hic argenti viui fodin[a]e sunt indica le miniere di mercurio di Idria; Belforte vel Duino piccolo aggiunge l'indicazione del castello eretto dai Veneziani già nel 1234; Auensonio hic terminus est ditionis Venetoru[m] et Ducum Austri[a]e, segnala, in modo errato, il confine tra i possessi veneti e quelli arciducali, (infatti questo non passava per Venzone, ma per Pontebba); Grado oppidu[m] & insula. hic S. Marci sedes eburnea religiose custoditur, fa forse erroneo riferimento alla supposta cattedra alessandrina di S. Marco, dono dell'imperatore Eraclio al Patriarca Primigerio, la quale era di marmo e non d'avorio: va ricordato, però, che un'altra sedia con rivestimento eburneo esisteva in passato nel Duomo di Grado, come di recente ha sostenuto il Tavano, supponendo che alcune parti di essa si trovino a Milano. In effetti, crediamo anche noi con il Cucagna che questi esempi possano essere "più che sufficienti per escludere che all'Ortelio si possa attribuire la paternità di questo rifacimento del modello vavassoriano. Se lo facessimo, dovremmo anche riconoscergli una buona conoscenza, sia geografica che storica, della regione friulana, in pieno contrasto con quanto ci prova il suo stesso Theatrum là dove sono accolte, senza correzioni, le brutte rappresentazioni del Friuli contenute in alcune carte del Lazius. Né d'altronde è possibile conciliare l'ipotesi di un Ortelio, buon conoscitore del Friuli e rifacitore della stampa vavassoriana, con l'inclusione nel Theatrum, a cominciare dall'Additamentum del 1573, della Fori Iulii accurata descriptio, cioè di un'altra e ben diversa rappresenta- zione cartografica della regione. È invece evidente, dall'esame di tutte le carte del Theatrum in cui il Friuli è rappresentato interamente o parzialmente, che l'Ortelio, anche per questa regione, non fu in grado di uniformare i suoi prodotti cartografici e che, anche in questo caso, il suo ruolo fu quello di riproduttore fedele di stampe cartografiche preesistenti. Quindi la presente cartina del Friuli è assai preziosa, perché ci rivela una scomparsa variante del modello che potremmo chiamare vavassoriano".

Non siamo invece altrettanto sicuri di poter seguire le argomentazioni del nostro Maestro, intese a negare l'attribuzione del modello (già proposta da Giovanni Marinelli) a Gregorio Amaseo. In proposito ci resta un dubbio che riteniamo legittimo. Se è vero, infatti, che la citazione dell'Amaseo fatta dall'Ortelio non è originale, ma deriva dalla Descrittione di tutta l'Italia di Leandro Alberti apparsa nel 1550, (scrive, cioè, Fori Iulij Tabulam descripsit; quam ab Auctore se habuisse, inquit Leander in sua Italia); se è vero, ancora, che le citate nuove legende sono anche presenti nell'opera del frate bolognese, tuttavia, a nostro avviso, queste constatazioni non escludono la possibilità che, nell'Alberti stesso, le informazioni riferite e tanto coincidenti siano derivate dalla consultazione del disegno dell'Amaseo.” (Lago, Rossit "Theatrum Fori Iulii" vol. 1, p.139)

Copper engraving, contemporary coloring, in good condition.

 

Bibliografia:

 

Lago, Rossit "Theatrum Fori Iulii" vol. 1, p. 139, Tav. XLVIII; M. Van den Broecke "Ortelius Atlas Maps" (2011), n. 129.

Abraham ORTELIUS (1528 - 1598)

Abraham Ortel, better known as Ortelius, was born in Antwerp and after studying Greek, Latin and mathematics set up his business there with his sister, as a book dealer and 'painter of maps'. Travelling widely, especially to the great book fairs, his business prospered and he established contacts with many sultured men in many lands. On one such visit to England, possibly seeking temporary refuge from religious persecution, he met William Camden whom he is said to have encouraged in the production of the Britannia. A turning-point in his career was reached in 1564 with the publication of a World Map in eight sheets of which only one copy is known: other individual maps followed and then - at the suggestion of a friend - he gathered together a collection of maps from contacts among European cartographers and had them engraved in uniform size and issued in 1570 as the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Atlas of the Whole World). Although Lafreri and others in Italy had published collections of 'modern' maps in book form in earlier years, the Theatrum was the first uniformly sized, systematic collection of maps and hence can be called the first atlas, although that term itself was not used until twenty years later by Mercator. The Theatrum, with most of its maps elegantly engraved by Frans Hogenberg, was an instant success and appeared in numerous editions in different languages including addenda issued from time to time incorporating the latest contemporary knowledge and discoveries. The final edition appeared in 1612. Unlike many of his contemporaries Ortelius noted his sources of information and in the first edition acknowledgement was made to eighty-seven different cartographers. Apart from the modern maps in his major atlas, Ortelius himself compiled a series of historical maps known as the Parergon Theatri which appeared from 1579 onwards, sometimes as a separate publication and sometimes incorporated in the Theatrum. 1570 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 1570-1612 Between these years the Theatrum was re-issued in 42 editions with 5 supplements with text in Latin, Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Italian and English. The English edition was published in 1606 by John Norton, the maps being printed in Antwerp and the text added in London. Three years later Ortelius died in 1598, his heirs transferred publication rights to Jan Baptiste Vrients who produced the posthumous editions until he died in 1612 1577-85 Spiegel der Werelt (8vo) Maps from the Theatrum, reduced in size, engraved by Philip Galle: text by Pieter Heyns. 6 editions with Dutch, French and Latin text. 1588-i 603 Epitome theatri orbis terrarum (12mo/8v0) 11 further editions of the smaller maps with an increasing number of maps with text also in Italian and English (1603). i6oi-i 2 7 further editions with improved engravings by Arsenius Brothers: text by Michel Coignet in Latin, French, German, Italian and English (1603). 1598-1724 Theatro del Mondo (4t0/12mo/24mo) 8 editions with Italian text; plates engraved in Italy. 1579-1606 Parergon Theatri The number of maps included in the Parergon increased from 4 in 1579 to 43 in 1606 with text in Latin, French, Italian, German and English (1606) 1624 Re-issued in Antwerp as a separate publication by Balthasar Moretus. This edition included a reproduction of the Peutinger table.

Abraham ORTELIUS (1528 - 1598)

Abraham Ortel, better known as Ortelius, was born in Antwerp and after studying Greek, Latin and mathematics set up his business there with his sister, as a book dealer and 'painter of maps'. Travelling widely, especially to the great book fairs, his business prospered and he established contacts with many sultured men in many lands. On one such visit to England, possibly seeking temporary refuge from religious persecution, he met William Camden whom he is said to have encouraged in the production of the Britannia. A turning-point in his career was reached in 1564 with the publication of a World Map in eight sheets of which only one copy is known: other individual maps followed and then - at the suggestion of a friend - he gathered together a collection of maps from contacts among European cartographers and had them engraved in uniform size and issued in 1570 as the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Atlas of the Whole World). Although Lafreri and others in Italy had published collections of 'modern' maps in book form in earlier years, the Theatrum was the first uniformly sized, systematic collection of maps and hence can be called the first atlas, although that term itself was not used until twenty years later by Mercator. The Theatrum, with most of its maps elegantly engraved by Frans Hogenberg, was an instant success and appeared in numerous editions in different languages including addenda issued from time to time incorporating the latest contemporary knowledge and discoveries. The final edition appeared in 1612. Unlike many of his contemporaries Ortelius noted his sources of information and in the first edition acknowledgement was made to eighty-seven different cartographers. Apart from the modern maps in his major atlas, Ortelius himself compiled a series of historical maps known as the Parergon Theatri which appeared from 1579 onwards, sometimes as a separate publication and sometimes incorporated in the Theatrum. 1570 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 1570-1612 Between these years the Theatrum was re-issued in 42 editions with 5 supplements with text in Latin, Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Italian and English. The English edition was published in 1606 by John Norton, the maps being printed in Antwerp and the text added in London. Three years later Ortelius died in 1598, his heirs transferred publication rights to Jan Baptiste Vrients who produced the posthumous editions until he died in 1612 1577-85 Spiegel der Werelt (8vo) Maps from the Theatrum, reduced in size, engraved by Philip Galle: text by Pieter Heyns. 6 editions with Dutch, French and Latin text. 1588-i 603 Epitome theatri orbis terrarum (12mo/8v0) 11 further editions of the smaller maps with an increasing number of maps with text also in Italian and English (1603). i6oi-i 2 7 further editions with improved engravings by Arsenius Brothers: text by Michel Coignet in Latin, French, German, Italian and English (1603). 1598-1724 Theatro del Mondo (4t0/12mo/24mo) 8 editions with Italian text; plates engraved in Italy. 1579-1606 Parergon Theatri The number of maps included in the Parergon increased from 4 in 1579 to 43 in 1606 with text in Latin, French, Italian, German and English (1606) 1624 Re-issued in Antwerp as a separate publication by Balthasar Moretus. This edition included a reproduction of the Peutinger table.