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Etching with engraving, 1756, signed at the bottom margin. From the Antichità Romane, first edition by the French publisher Bouchard and Gravier in 1756.

A great impression, printed with brown ink on contemporary laid, strong, paper, with margins, perfect conditions.

The first edition of this work, in four volumes, was published in Rome in 1756 at the printing-works of Angelo Rotili at the Massimo alle Colonne Palace, by Bouchard and Gravier, book-dealers and tradesmen located in Rome near the church of St. Marcel at the Via del Corso. This collection included a portrait of Piranesi, engraved by Felice Porziani, and a dedication to James Caulfield, count of Charlemont. This dedication was later abolished in the aftermath of a quarrel, described by Piranesi in his Lettere di Giustificazione [Letters of Justification] (1757), which also gave rise to three different versions of this first original edition (May 1756). These different versions are distinguishable from the title-page of the first volume, which initially was dedicated to the Irish aristocrat, then exhibited a cancelled dedication and coat of arms and, finally, bore a Latin motto written by the artist "Aevo Suo Posteri set Utilitari Publicae".
Henry Focillon, in his 1918 treatise, presumed that Piranesi prepared and engraved the plates for this collection between 1750 and 1756, although some architectural features could have a few of them dating back to 1746. Actually, the oldest plates included in this collection probably date back even further, as suggested by the extraordinary complexity of this work, due to a prolonged phase of preparation and research, together with the stylistic alterations which can be observed by comparing the different plates.

The magnificence of Piranesi's Antichità Romane, however, is not only in the artist's large graphic output. Indeed, this work is of primary importance from the standpoint of methodological innovation within the framework of contemporary archaeology, with the utilisation of texts which are of essential importance for the comprehension of the author's ideas and of the innovations implied in Piranesi's methodology. It can be asserted, as correctly emphasised by Focillon, that the Venetian architect founded modern archaeology. However, this new-fashioned approach implied an important disassociation and a significant deviation from the convictions and the official and academic culture of the time, which was of Anglo-Saxon derivation. This gave rise to a serious controversy, whose target was Piranesi, and to an adverse anecdotal literature concerning his person, the objective being the re-establishment of the endangered authority of the culture it was threatening.

The main motivation behind the Antichità Romane was the documentation and preservation, utilising illustrations, of a heritage of ancient monuments which was being ravaged on a daily basis. This approach was incompatible with the one held by amateurs and antiquarians who only took pleasure from aesthetic contemplation and would not refrain from occasionally removing rather imposing parts from ancient relics for their private collections or, more simply, as souvenirs. The main new feature in his procedure was to unify into a single space the acts of excavating, surveying, structural inquiries and measurement together with the analysis of literary sources, the latter of which he examined for himself. This step of unification is characterised by the study of topography which, together with surveying techniques, the knowledge of antique procedures and materials, excavations and on-site inspections, gave rise to archaeology, in other words to the study of ancient history.

Therefore, the four volumes comprised in this collection are the central nucleus, the fulcrum around which all of Piranesi's activity revolved, constituting the accomplishment and focal point of a method of inquiry and comprehension of the ancient city of Rome and, at the same time, the starting point for analogous and complementary works, which can be considered as additional proofs of his interpretation. Consequently, the Antichità can be regarded as an attempt to furnish a unified account of the city from its foundation up to the times of the last emperors, identifying monuments, areas and spaces, set side by side with prosaic and common aspects of the city, such as bridges and streets, which help to bestow it with an animated and vibrating atmosphere.